ECONOMIC CYCLES AND AGRICULTURE: FROM COLONIAL BRAZIL TO CONTEMPORARY ECONOMY

Abstract

This article analyzes the evolution of Brazilian agribusiness from the colonial economic cycles to its consolidation as one of the most dynamic and influential sectors of the contemporary national economy. Based on a bibliographic approach and supported by recent data from institutions such as CNA, Cepea, and Insper, the study examines how historical cycles, such as sugar, gold, rubber, and coffee, shaped Brazil’s economic structure and contributed to long-lasting patterns of specialization, dependence, and regional inequality. In addition, the research evaluates current macroeconomic indicators of the agribusiness sector, including GDP contribution, trade balance, employment generation, and its effects on inflation dynamics. The findings reveal that, although agribusiness is highly technological, globally competitive, and essential for national development, it continues to face significant structural challenges. These include limitations in logistics and infrastructure, dependence on imported inputs, high production costs, climate-related risks, commodity price volatility, and increasing pressure from international regulatory frameworks. The study concludes that Brazilian agribusiness remains fundamental to economic growth and food security, but its future advancement will depend on integrated public policies capable of strengthening competitiveness, promoting environmental sustainability, and expanding the sector’s capacity for innovation and value creation.